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A Stackelberg-Bayesian Capacity-Market Game of Carbon Regulation and Second-Life Battery Investment under AI Data-Center Load Growth
One-line summary
A solar energy research paper on A Stackelberg-Bayesian Capacity-Market Game of Carbon Regulation and Second-Life Battery Investment under AI Data-Center Load Growth.
Engineering notes
Engineering notes will be added by the Power for Solar editorial team.
Chinese explanation / 中文解读
中文解读待补充：本站会优先为光伏效率、钙钛矿太阳能电池、储能技术、太阳能热利用、BIPV、并网技术等高价值论文补充中文说明。
Original abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) data centers are driving rapid electricity load growth across all U.S. ISO/RTO regions, raising both system costs and carbon exposure. This study develops a three-level Stackelberg--Bayesian game in which a regulator (leader) sets carbon penalties and subsidies, a single ISO capacity market clears against an energy balance modeled as a classical generation-expansion problem, and technology-specific investors (followers) decide capacity and operation under incomplete information, yielding a Bayesian Nash equilibrium. The AI impact is captured parsimoniously as an additional load-growth factor on a greenfield-incremental expansion, isolating how much new capacity the growth pulls in and which technology fills it. Within this framework, we consider second-life battery (SLB) storage competing against new/first-life storage for capacity-market revenue. We quantify how a carbon tax, a renewable subsidy, and an SLB subsidy reshape the equilibrium investment mix, carbon emissions, and profit. Different scenarios are compared at the end based on cost-effectiveness and reduced carbon emissions.
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