Decoupling Bulk Energetics and Interfacial Passivation in Low‐Temperature TiO ₂ for High‐Performance Carbon Electrode‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells

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Chinese explanation / 中文解读

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Original abstract

Achieving high‐efficiency carbon electrode‐based perovskite solar cells (CPSCs) with low‐temperature processed TiO 2 electron transporting layers (ETLs) is challenging due to the inferior film quality and elevated defect density associated with conventional sources. Here, we introduce a synergistic dual‐modification strategy that integrates titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (TDBA) ligand‐assisted TiO 2 network engineering with ultrathin SnO 2 passivation as a hybrid TiO 2 ‐TDBA/SnO 2 ETL to overcome these limitations. TDBA incorporation densifies the TiO 2 framework and enhances the built‐in potential, enabling higher V OC , while the SnO 2 overlayer suppresses interfacial defects and facilitates charge extraction, leading to an improved fill factor (FF). As a result, CPSCs fabricated under dry‐air conditions achieve a PCE of 15.77%. The strategy is further extended to flexible devices, yielding 11.95%, and significantly enhances indoor performance to 27.53% under 1000 lx LED illumination. Additionally, a 6 cm 2 module exhibits scalable performance, with PCEs of 5.41% at one sun and 19.31% in indoor light. This work establishes an effective and scalable interfacial engineering route for low‐temperature TiO 2 ETLs, offering a green and practical pathway toward high‐performance CPSCs for both indoor and outdoor applications.

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