Distance to Sh2-106 from Gaia DR3 and its embedded radio population: implications for a candidate explosive outflow

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Original abstract

Sh2-106 has recently been proposed as a candidate explosive molecular outflow (EMO), but the physical interpretation of the region depends critically on its distance. Published estimates span a wide range, leading to large uncertainties in the inferred size, energetics, and evolutionary timescale of the system. Using {\it Gaia} DR3 astrometry, we identify a kinematically coherent stellar population associated with Sh2-106 and derive a cluster parallax of $\varpi_{\rm corr}=0.607\pm0.013$\,mas, corresponding to a distance of $1.65\pm0.04$\,kpc. This value is significantly larger than the commonly adopted extinction-break estimate of 1.09\,kpc. At this revised distance, the inferred kinetic energy of the expanding ionized nebula increases by a factor of $\sim6.5$, reaching $E_{\rm exp}\simeq1.3\times10^{48}$\,erg and placing Sh2-106 in the same order-of-magnitude energetic regime as the Orion BN/KL explosive event, although at a substantially older dynamical age ($\sim3500$\,yr). Archived 5.8\,GHz Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array observations reveal ten compact radio sources in the central region, identifying embedded stellar objects that are suitable for future multi-epoch radio astrometry. No unambiguous high-velocity stellar ejecta are detected in {\it Gaia} DR3, although S106\,IR shows a modest peculiar transverse velocity of $\sim5$\,km\,s$^{-1}$ relative to the cluster centroid. The Gaia-based cluster distance, therefore, significantly revises the physical scale and energetics of Sh2-106 and provides the observational framework required to test whether the region represents an older analogue of the Orion BN/KL dynamical disintegration or a distinct explosive phenomenon.

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