Dosimetric characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite scintillators for low-energy diagnostic X-ray detection

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Original abstract

Perovskite materials have recently emerged as promising candidates for radiation detection due to their strong X-ray absorption, efficient charge transport, and tunable optical properties. However, their performance in scintillation-based dosimetry remains insufficiently explored. This study systematically evaluates the radiation attenuation, radioluminescence, and dosimetric characteristics of two-dimensional organic–inorganic perovskite scintillators, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn mathvariant="normal">2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">b</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn mathvariant="normal">4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">E</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn mathvariant="normal">2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">b</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn mathvariant="normal">4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , in comparison with conventional plastic <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m3"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">E</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">J</mml:mi> <mml:mn mathvariant="normal">212</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and inorganic ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m4"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">G</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m5"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) scintillators under low-energy X-ray irradiation. The perovskite samples exhibited mass attenuation coefficients significantly higher than those of the plastic scintillator and comparable to dense inorganic crystals, reflecting their high- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m6"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> composition. Under X-ray excitation, both materials exhibited narrow radioluminescence emission bands centred near <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m7"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>420</mml:mn> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The measured light yields were approximately <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m8"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>9.8</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m9"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4.8</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">h</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi> <mml:mspace width="0.3333em"/> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">M</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m10"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn mathvariant="normal">2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">b</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn mathvar

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