Enhancing Power System Resilience Through Smart Grid Technologies: A Geopolitical–Power System Resilience (GPSR) Framework for Energy Security

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Original abstract

The growing interdependence between global energy markets and electricity infrastructures has increased the vulnerability of power systems to geopolitical disruptions. The 2026 Iran energy crisis demonstrated how fuel supply uncertainty, energy market volatility, and disruptions in critical energy transportation routes can adversely affect electricity generation, operational reliability, and long-term energy security. Power systems with high dependence on imported fossil fuels are particularly exposed to such disturbances, resulting in increased generation costs, reduced operational flexibility, and heightened risks to grid stability. Consequently, enhancing power system resilience has become a strategic priority for utilities, policymakers, and researchers worldwide. Although previous studies have extensively investigated energy security, smart grid technologies, and power system resilience, these domains are often examined independently, with limited attention given to the integrated influence of geopolitical risks on electricity network resilience. To address this research gap, this paper proposes a novel Geopolitical–Power System Resilience (GPSR) Framework that establishes a systematic relationship between geopolitical risk factors, power system vulnerabilities, smart-grid-based mitigation strategies, and resilience outcomes. The proposed framework consists of four interconnected layers: the Geopolitical Risk Layer, Power System Vulnerability Layer, Smart Grid Mitigation Layer, and Resilience Outcomes Layer.

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