Environmental, economic, social and technological viewpoints on green ammonia as a basis for low carbon fertilizer: a perspective

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Original abstract

Ammonia, as a nitrogen-based fertilizer is essential for enhancing crop yields and supporting global food production. Established ammonia production relies on fossil fuels and is highly carbon-intensive with detrimental consequences for the environment and society. The significance of the decarbonization of fertilizer production cannot be overstated. In this perspective, the opportunities and challenges associated with green ammonia (GA) deployment are discussed, drawing on insights from recent literature. While environmental and techno-economic aspects of GA are increasingly well understood, social dimensions such as farmer acceptance and adoption remain largely overlooked. From an environmental perspective, we argue that GA significantly mitigates climate change impacts compared with current ammonia production. From a technological perspective, decentralized production systems, though more energy intensive, offer flexibility and reduced raw material requirements. However, economic barriers persist, as GA is less cost-effective than standard ammonia. Therefore, enhancing the sustainability of GA production relies on improving the technological and supply chain aspects, reducing capital costs for green hydrogen infrastructure, and incentivizing the fertilizer industry with carbon credits. By highlighting these critical considerations, this perspective aims to inform research, policy and investment decisions for a sustainable transition to green ammonia.

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