Generalized skew-gradient embedding for thermodynamically consistent systems

Engineering notes

Engineering notes will be added by the Power for Solar editorial team.

Chinese explanation / 中文解读

中文解读待补充：本站会优先为光伏效率、钙钛矿太阳能电池、储能技术、太阳能热利用、BIPV、并网技术等高价值论文补充中文说明。

Original abstract

The skew-gradient embedding (SGE) framework~\cite{GuWangSGE2025} reformulates a thermodynamically consistent system as a generalized gradient flow by embedding its zero-energy contribution in a skew-symmetric operator. In a time-discrete scheme, the profiles defining this operator may be evaluated at previous time levels. The resulting operator remains skew-symmetric, so its contribution to the discrete energy balance vanishes; this explicit treatment often decouples multiphysics systems. We show that this operator is not unique: the admissible gauges form an affine space, and we call the resulting family generalized skew-gradient embeddings (GSGE). For any positive definite metric, least squares selects a unique minimum-Hilbert--Schmidt gauge, and the native metric recovers SGE. This construction also gives regularized approximations, corrections of non-neutral residuals, and gauges that preserve prescribed invariants. For rank-two gauges, we use a necessary and sufficient Jacobi criterion. Applying this criterion to a compatible MAC discretization of the incompressible Navier--Stokes equations gives a finite-dimensional rank-two Poisson--GENERIC formulation at the semi-discrete level; the implicit midpoint rule preserves this rank-two GENERIC structure at the fully discrete level and satisfies the exact discrete energy law. For the Cahn--Hilliard--Navier--Stokes system, the regularized GSGE--BDF2 scheme preserves mass, dissipates the discrete energy unconditionally, and admits a decoupled implementation.

Links and sources

• Official / arXiv page
• PDF from original source

Comments