High-performance and economically viable La<sub>2</sub>NiMnO<sub>6</sub>-based carrier transport layer-free perovskite solar cell with carbon-contact feasibility: a SCAPS-1D analysis

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Original abstract

Carrier transport layers (CTLs) play a crucial role in conventional perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by aiding charge extraction. However, their involvement increases fabrication complexity, production cost, and potential instability. In this work, a simplified and economically viable CTL-free PSC configuration of FTO/La2NiMnO6/Au is proposed and systematically investigated using SCAPS-1D numerical simulation. Lanthanum nickel manganese oxide (La2NiMnO6) perovskite, an ambipolar absorber, is demonstrated to effectively perform both light absorption and charge transport without the need for auxiliary transport materials. Through systematic optimization of absorber thickness, defect density, electron capture cross-section, and resistive losses, a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 30.58% is recorded under standard illumination conditions, significantly outperforming previously reported single-absorber La2NiMnO6-based devices. The optimized device demonstrates strong defect tolerance, excellent carrier mobility balance, and robust thermal stability. Moreover, replacing the Au back contact with carbon (FTO/La2NiMnO6/C) yields a comparable PCE of 30.34%, confirming the potential for low-cost and scalable device fabrication. These results highlight the feasibility of eliminating CTLs in appropriately engineered devices and establish La2NiMnO6 as a promising material for next-generation, structure-simplified, and high-efficiency photovoltaic technologies.

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