KRONOS II: Solar-like Umbra and Penumbra Properties on the Young Sun V1298~Tau

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Original abstract

Transiting exoplanets provide a unique laboratory for studying stellar surface heterogeneities via starspot or facular occultations. When observed at multiple wavelengths, this configuration enables spectroscopic characterization of spot thermal contrasts, distributions, and morphology. In this work, we leverage JWST NIRISS/SOSS transit observations of the 20--30 Myr planets V1298 Tau bcd to study the surface properties of their solar analog host star V1298~Tau. We identify 14 starspot crossing events across two visits. We derive $0.8-2.8μ$m starspot contrast spectra and demonstrate the contrasts can only be explained when accounting for the umbral and penumbral components of the starspots, robust to which stellar model grid is assumed. The spot temperatures are broadly consistent between visits, suggesting that V1298~Tau ($T_\mathrm{phot}=4880\pm20$ K) has starspots with $T_{\mathrm{umbra}}$ = 3265--3436 K umbrae and $T_{\mathrm{penumbra}}$ = 4388--4659 K penumbrae, and are $\sim$30% umbrae by area. The differences between these spot components and the stellar photosphere are consistent with sunspots. Additionally, the relation between the spot contrast and the ratio of umbral to penumbral area is similar to that of the Sun. Combining these JWST observations with long baseline multi-band photometry from the Las Cumbres Observatory, we also estimated the global unocculted spot distribution, revealing at least 5 additional large unocculted active regions. All together, these measurements suggest that while the total spot coverage evolves in time, the relative temperatures of surface heterogeneities on Sun-like stars may be consistent throughout their lifetimes. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that JWST exoplanet transit observations can be useful for starspot substructure characterization.

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