NAP-XPS Applications on Solid Oxide Cells Materials: A Short Review

Engineering notes

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Chinese explanation / 中文解读

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Original abstract

Performance and durability of solid oxide cells are ruled by surface and interface phenomena occurring under operation. Electrode elementary reactions involve adsorption, charge transfer, surface diffusion and incorporation processes that are sensitive to the applied operating conditions and defect concentration. However, key degradation mechanisms such as cation segregation, catalyst deactivation, phase transformations and microstructural evolution originate at/near the electrode surface. Consequently, understanding the surface chemistry of electrode materials is essential for the development of the next generation electrodes. In this frame, Near-Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) has emerged as a powerful tool to probe chemically active surfaces under more realistic environments, thus correlating surface science and electrochemistry. This review covers the principles of NAP-XPS and its application to solid oxide cell materials, including ceria-based model electrodes, Ni-containing fuel electrodes, exsolved perovskites and mixed ionic-electronic conducting air electrodes. NAP-XPS demonstrated the ability to directly monitor the dynamic state of the electrode surface under controlled operating conditions. Common mechanistic insights and emerging trends are highlighted, together with potential limitations associated with current experimental configurations. Overall, combined NAP-XPS and electrochemical analyses appear to hold the potential for linking surface chemistry with electrode performance and degradation, thus supporting the rational design of the next-generation solid oxide cell materials.

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