Performance Enhancement of Solar Photovoltaic Modules Using Various Methods: A Comprehensive Review

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Chinese explanation / 中文解读

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Original abstract

The rapid transition towards a decarbonized global energy landscape has necessitated significant advancements in the efficiency and reliability of solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies. As of the close of 2024, global solar PV capacity surpassed 1,859 GW, driven by substantial utility-scale deployments and a 97% reduction in module costs since 2010.1 However, the conversion efficiency of standard silicon-based modules remains limited by several factors, most notably the adverse impact of elevated operating temperatures, which can reduce electrical yield by 0.3% to 0.65% for every degree Celsius increase above standard test conditions.3 This paper provides an exhaustive review of performance enhancement strategies, categorizing them into thermal management systems, optical modifications, and intelligent control algorithms. Thermal management is explored through passive techniques such as phase change materials (PCMs), extended surfaces (fins), and radiative cooling, alongside active methods involving forced air, water circulation, and advanced nanofluids. Optical enhancements encompass the adoption of bifacial architectures, TOPCon and Heterojunction Technology (HJT), and emerging perovskite-silicon tandem cells. Furthermore, the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in optimizing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and predictive maintenance is analyzed. The synthesis of recent experimental and numerical data indicates that while passive methods offer simplicity and cost-effectiveness, hybrid active systems and AI-integrated controllers provide the highest gains in energy yield, particularly in high-temperature and variable-irradiance environments.

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