Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Driving Factors of Multi-Band Solar Radiation in Shandong Province, China: Evidence from High-Resolution CARE Satellite Products

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Chinese explanation / 中文解读

中文解读待补充：本站会优先为光伏效率、钙钛矿太阳能电池、储能技术、太阳能热利用、BIPV、并网技术等高价值论文补充中文说明。

Original abstract

Accurate characterization of multi-band solar radiation is essential for optimizing photovoltaic (PV) site selection and supporting carbon neutrality targets. Shandong Province, a major economic and energy-consuming province in eastern China, possesses abundant solar resources but exhibits pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity driven by complex terrain, rapid urbanization, and variable cloud cover. Based on high-resolution CARE (Cloud Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Radiation and Renewable Energy Application) satellite products (0.1°, hourly, 2016–2020) combined with SRTM DEM, CLCD land use, and ERA5 cloud data, this study systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution and driving factors of four solar radiation components—shortwave radiation (SWR), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), UVA, and UVB—across Shandong Province. Key findings are as follows: (1) All four radiation components exhibit a consistent spatial pattern characterized by higher radiation intensities in the eastern coastal and northern plain regions, which gradually decrease toward the western inland and southern mountainous areas. Provincial five-year means are SWR 186.6 W/m2, PAR 86.3 W/m2, UVA 11.4 W/m2, and UVB 0.3 W/m2, with high-value zones concentrated in the Jiaodong Peninsula coast and the North Shandong Plain. (2) During 2016–2020, short-term increasing tendencies were observed across 80.4% (SWR), 78.0% (PAR), 85.1% (UVA), and 91.3% (UVB) of the province, while all components declined in winter. (3) STL decomposition reveals a “down-up-down” multi-year trend, a unimodal annual seasonal cycle peaking in May, and residuals closely associated with extreme weather events. (4) Geodetector analysis identifies cloud cover as the dominant factor (q = 0.332), followed by elevation (q = 0.100); and nonlinear enhancement characterizes all factor interactions, especially cloud cover × elevation (q = 0.393) and cloud cover × land-use (q = 0.347), revealing a “climate–topography–human activity” multi-level coupling mechanism. Built-up land records the lowest SWR (172.4 W/m2) and spatially coincides with radiation low-value zones. These results provide a scientific basis for PV site optimization and the realization of carbon neutrality goals in Shandong Province.

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