<strong>Numerical Simulation of Hysteresis Dynamics in All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells and Thermal Management Strategies for Ge-, Pb-, and Sn-Based Devices</strong>

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Original abstract

This study employs numerical simulations to investigate the hysteresis effect in the current-voltage characteristics of all-perovskite tandem solar cells and its underlying physical mechanisms. To this end, a comparative analysis is performed on the hysteretic behavior of sub-cells operating within a tandem configuration versus as single-junction devices. The analysis includes key physical processes during voltage sweeps, such as carrier concentration distribution, ion migration, and the dynamic evolution of electric fields and energy bands. A thermal model is also introduced to simulate the internal heat generation in germanium-based, lead-based, and tin-based perovskite solar cells, with the aim of evaluating the impact of both the perovskite absorber and the electron transport layer materials on the device operating temperature. The results show that the hysteretic behavior of a single-junction cell cannot directly predict its performance within a two-terminal tandem structure, in which the hysteresis is fundamentally altered by the electrical coupling between sub-cells, rather than being a simple superposition of individual sub-cell behaviors. In addition, the hysteresis levels of both sub-cells are found to be suppressed within the tandem structure compared to their single-junction counterparts. Regarding thermal management, although the intrinsic thermal stability of tin-based perovskites is relatively weak, optimizing the electron transport layer is shown to effectively suppress internal heat generation and lower the operating temperature. These findings provide useful theoretical insights for designing all-perovskite tandem solar cell devices with both high efficiency and high stability.

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