Solar energy paper index
Supergranulation as a Tracer of Solar-Cycle Variability
One-line summary
A solar energy research paper on Supergranulation as a Tracer of Solar-Cycle Variability.
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Chinese explanation / 中文解读
中文解读待补充：本站会优先为光伏效率、钙钛矿太阳能电池、储能技术、太阳能热利用、BIPV、并网技术等高价值论文补充中文说明。
Original abstract
Supergranulation is one of the dominant scales of near-surface solar convection and provides an important diagnostic for studying the interaction between convective flows, rotation, and magnetic activity. We develop an automated framework to identify and characterize supergranular structures using subsurface horizontal-velocity maps inferred from time-distance helioseismology. The method applies Laplacian-of-Gaussian detection to horizontal velocity divergence maps and combines this with magnetic-field masking, divergence-based filtering, and multi-peak rejection to isolate supergranular cells under both quiet-Sun and active conditions. Using this approach, we analyze 16 years of SDO/HMI observations spanning Solar Cycles 24 and 25 and investigate temporal and latitudinal variations of supergranular properties. The results reveal a clear solar-cycle dependence: the mean supergranular diameter decreases near solar maxima and increases around solar minima, with systematically larger supergranules in the weaker Solar Cycle 24 than in the stronger Solar Cycle 25. The width of the diameter distribution increases during high magnetic activity, whereas the number of detected supergranules shows only weak cycle dependence. The mean velocity divergence within detected supergranules is strongly anticorrelated with sunspot number, indicating magnetic suppression of divergent convective flows. Time-latitude distributions of supergranular diameter and divergence closely follow the migration of solar activity belts, while the curl of the horizontal velocity shows weak cycle dependence but pronounced hemispheric asymmetry. These results establish supergranulation as a sensitive tracer of solar-cycle-related changes in near-surface convection.
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