Vacuum-deposited PbI ₂ enables uniform large-area perovskite films with enhanced device uniformity

Engineering notes

Engineering notes will be added by the Power for Solar editorial team.

Chinese explanation / 中文解读

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Original abstract

Abstract Small-area spin-coated perovskite films typically exhibit high quality and high power conversion efficiency (PCE), whereas scaling up to large-area substrates often leads to local incomplete coverage and pinhole-like defects in the perovskite film, resulting in poor film coverage. Since the quality of perovskite film strongly affects performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), achieving uniform, large-area films remains a major challenge. Here, we introduce a Spin–Evaporation–Spin (SES) deposition strategy to improve the surface coverage of large-area (10 cm × 10 cm) perovskite films. Optical microscopy and SEM analyses show that SES-processed perovskite films exhibit improved surface coverage with substantially reduced visible pinhole-like defects across both center and corner regions, whereas perovskite films prepared using conventional spin coating show noticeable local incomplete coverage and pinhole-like defects. Consequently, large-area PSC devices fabricated via the SES process exhibit reduced center-to-corner efficiency variation, demonstrating a simple and effective strategy for improving device uniformity during scale-up.

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